Panic disorders1 are one of the most common types of anxiety disorders. Practitioners diagnose them based on: a) recurrent and unpredictable attacks due to fear responses to an acute or anticipatory treat or stimulus with b) one or more responses (concern, worry, fear, or behavioral changes) to harmful conditions. Panic attacks are often unexpected and are not limited to a particular situation or set of circumstances.
Causes of Panic Disorders
The exact causes of panic disorders are unknown. However, experts believe that they [panic disorders] have biological or psychological roots. Different areas of the brain (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex) mediate fear responses and contribute to the development of fear and anxiety. Additionally, experts believe there is limbic system involvement, which contributes to behavioral and emotional responses.
Risk Factors
Several risk factors3 contribute to the development of panic disorders.
- Genetics. Genetics accounts for many cases of panic disorders. Also, having a parent with a diagnosis of panic disorder is another risk factor.
- Temperament. Behavioral inhibition, neuroticism, trait anxiety, and harm avoidance are known risk factors for panic disorders.
- Chronic Stress. Experts do not know how or why this happens. However, exposure to chronic stress leads to worse illness or poorer treatment responses.
- Traumatic Events.
- Caffeine or caffeine withdrawal.
Presentation of Panic Disorders
Panic disorders are complex and heterogeneous disorders. They can occur with other anxiety and mental health conditions. For instance, in approximately 30-50% of cases, panic disorders occur with agoraphobia, another anxiety disorder.
Symptoms of Panic Disorders
- Increased heart rate
- Sweating
- Trembling/shaking
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain/discomfort
- Nausea
- Lightheaded or dizziness.
- Fear of dying or losing control
- Chills or hot flashes
Effect of Panic Disorders
Panic disorders are known to be high-burden conditions that can reduce one’s overall quality of living. Due to their unpredictable nature, panic disorders result in greater use of healthcare resources and medical services. They also impair social and work life and productivity.
Treating Panic Disorders
There are several ways to treat panic disorders 2. Considering that they are complex and heterogeneous and can be complicated by other conditions, healthcare providers may use these treatment options alone or as combined therapies.
- Pharmacological drugs. Anti-panic drugs are effective treatments. However, they are associated with adverse effects.
- Psychological treatments. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common treatment option for panic disorders. Some providers may use CBT with mindfulness interventions.
- Psychoeducation. Psychoeducation includes education on lifestyle management, relaxation techniques, and ways to manage potential triggers.